About the author

Kunal
Ranjan

I invest in the companies turning AI into physical action — and write about why it matters.

I'm a student in the Jerome Fisher M&T Program at the University of Pennsylvania, pursuing a dual degree in Computer Science and business through Wharton. Alongside my studies, I work in growth equity at Radian Capital, a New York-based firm focused on B2B software and technology-enabled services.

My personal obsession is Physical AI — the convergence of embodied intelligence, robotics, and industrial automation that I believe represents one of the most consequential technology shifts of our generation. I track the full stack: perception systems, manipulation and actuation, planning and reasoning, simulation and synthetic data, and the application layers being built on top.

The Hard Stack is where I publish that thinking — rigorous, long-form analysis from both the technology and the investment angle. Where software meets steel.