About the author

KunalRanjan

I went from building robots to finding the people building them at scale.

I've been a builder, a founder, and now an investor — moving across the full capital stack, from late-stage through early-stage venture and growth equity. The through-line has always been the same: finding technology that changes how the physical world works. Having lived across Singapore, Thailand, India, and the US, I've developed an instinct for where those shifts hit hardest — and where they're still coming.

My personal obsession is Physical AI — the convergence of embodied intelligence, robotics, and industrial automation that I believe represents one of the most consequential technology shifts of our generation. I track the full stack: perception systems, manipulation and actuation, planning and reasoning, simulation and synthetic data, and the application layers being built on top.

The Hard Stack is where I publish that thinking — rigorous, long-form analysis from both the technology and the investment angle. Where software meets steel.